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Brain Swelling Due To Lack Of Oxygen – Oxygen deficiency occurs when a person’s body or brain is deprived of oxygen. Loss of oxygen to the body and brain can be extremely harmful and even life-threatening.
This article describes the most common causes and symptoms of anoxia and how to treat the effects of anoxia.
Brain Swelling Due To Lack Of Oxygen
Anoxia is an extreme form of hypoxia. Hypoxia occurs when parts of the body, such as the brain, receive reduced amounts of oxygen. Oxygen deficiency occurs when the body is deprived of oxygen. This can result in hypoxic-anaerobic injury.
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If you suspect hypoxia, you should seek immediate medical attention, as lack of oxygen can lead to severe injury or death.
Lack of oxygen in the brain causes brain cells to die, increasing the chance of brain damage and death.
Symptoms become more pronounced the longer you are without oxygen. After several minutes of oxygen deprivation, the following may occur:
It is important to note that symptoms of oxygen deprivation may not appear immediately, as the brain can replace lost oxygen in the minutes before symptoms appear.
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Initial symptoms may be mild and may be ignored at first. However, in case of oxygen deficiency, it is important to seek medical attention immediately.
Anemic anoxia occurs when there is not enough hemoglobin in a person’s blood, or when the hemoglobin that is present becomes ineffective.
Hemoglobin carries oxygen throughout the body through the blood. When hemoglobin is unable to provide enough oxygen to organs, the organs may eventually stop functioning properly.
Toxic oxygen deficiency prevents the blood from effectively transporting oxygen throughout the body. This can occur after a person ingests, absorbs, or inhales certain toxins or other harmful chemicals, such as carbon monoxide.
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Stagnant anoxia occurs when blood doesn’t reach the brain and other parts of the body that need it to function properly. This is also known as hypoxic-ischemic injury. Cardiovascular problems such as stroke and heart failure often cause stagnant anoxia.
Oxygen deficiency can occur when there is not enough oxygen available for the body to function properly. This can occur if you are at high altitudes where there is limited oxygen in the air.
If you develop symptoms of oxygen deficiency, your doctor may order several tests to determine the cause and make an accurate diagnosis.
The types of treatments available depend on the cause of oxygen deprivation and how long the person has been deprived of oxygen.
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The doctor’s priority is to restore the patient’s oxygen levels to normal. This includes performing cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and using a ventilator to increase oxygen levels.
The sooner you receive treatment and your oxygen levels return to normal, the better your chances of making a full recovery. Immediate treatment can also reduce the chance of further complications.
Treatment may take place at a rehabilitation center that specializes in helping people with brain injuries recover, cope, and adapt to a new daily routine.
Young people tend to recover faster than people over 50. Good improvement and progress during the first month of treatment may suggest a more favorable outcome, but it takes a year or more before it can be determined how a person will recover. There may be cases.
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It is important to recognize the symptoms of hypoxia and oxygen deficiency and seek immediate medical attention. Prompt medical response reduces complications and helps determine the speed and success of recovery.
Although some people make a full recovery, there are many treatment options for those who need assistance with rehabilitation after a brain injury, including physical, psychological, and occupational therapy.
Medical News Today has strict sourcing guidelines and obtains information only from peer-reviewed research, academic research institutions, medical journals and medical societies. Avoid using tertiary references. Link primary sources such as studies, scientific references, and statistics within each article and also list them in the resources section at the bottom of the article. Please see our Editorial Policy to learn more about how we ensure our content is accurate and up-to-date. Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) has one of the worst prognoses among stroke patients. Surgical measures are being employed to reduce the mass effects of hematoma, and the development of targeted therapies for secondary brain injury (SBI) after ICH is equally essential. Many preclinical and clinical studies have demonstrated that perihematomal edema (PHE) is a quantifiable marker of his SBI after ICH and is associated with poor prognosis. Therefore, PHE is considered a promising therapeutic target for his ICH. However, findings from existing research on PHE are fragmented and unclear. Therefore, there is a need to classify, compare, and summarize existing research on PHE. In this review, we discuss the growth characteristics and associated underlying mechanisms of PHE, analyze the contribution of various risk factors to PHE, demonstrate the potential impact of PHE on patient outcomes, and review currently available treatment strategies. discuss.
Patients with hemorrhagic stroke have a very poor prognosis, resulting in long hospital stays and high costs (1). Approximately 2.8 million people die from intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) worldwide each year (2), and only 25% of ICH survivors are able to live independently 6 months after ICH onset (3 ). The functional neurological outcome of ICH is associated with mechanical destruction of nerve fibers and ICH-induced secondary brain injury (SBI).
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Perihematomal edema (PHE) develops when water content increases within the brain tissue adjacent to an intraparenchymal hematoma. The development of PHE is considered a quantifiable marker of SBI and is associated with thrombin activation, inflammatory immune responses, blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction, and hemoglobin cytotoxicity after ICH ( 4-6). PHE also induces significant mass effect, and rapid proliferation of PHE can cause severe intracranial hypertension. The International Surgical Trial on Intracerebral Hemorrhage (STICH) I and II did not show any clinical benefit of early surgical removal of hematomas in patients with ICH ( 7 , 8 ). Therefore, whether targeted treatments against PHE can have favorable effects is of great interest to researchers. Evidence from high-quality preclinical studies is needed to investigate this issue. A comprehensive understanding of the pathogenesis and natural history of PHE is urgently needed to discover novel therapeutic targets for ICH-induced SBI.
Most studies on PHE in patients with ICH are retrospective. However, it is difficult to obtain good agreement on the timing of head computed tomography (CT) examinations in retrospective studies ( 9 , 10 ). Previous studies have employed different severity indices and measurements for PHE, and have used CT scans more frequently than head magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) ( 11 , 12 ). These factors have led to contradictory findings in exploring the natural history and prognosis of PHE. In this review, the PHE literature is evaluated to describe the pathogenesis, pathophysiological mechanisms, and risk factors of PHE. In this review, we aim to provide deeper insight into ICH-induced SBI and provide relevant data for innovative trials, including the impact of PHE on clinical outcomes in patients with ICH and the currently available PHE treatments. are also discussed.
Experimental studies of ICH showed that PHE begins in the acute phase, peaks at 3 to 4 days, and persists for 7 days after onset (13). These findings are consistent with neuropathological changes in experimental animals reported by Enzmann et al. (13) They found significant rupture of perihematomal red blood cells and a peak perihematomal neuroinflammatory response 4 days after ICH induction. Furthermore, Sun et al. (14) found that aquaporin-4 (AQP-4), which is involved in brain water accumulation, peaks at 48 h in a rat model of autologous blood infusion.
Because PHE occurs primarily in the white matter, and large differences exist in white matter development between humans and animals (particularly rodents), the proliferation of PHE is expected to be even more pronounced in humans (Figure 1 ) (15). In one human imaging study, all her ICH patients developed her PHE within 6 hours of symptom onset (12). The very early stage of ICH is generally regarded as the rapid growth phase of her PHE (Figure 2). Wu et al. (10) reported that PHE increases rapidly within 24 h after onset, and the edema evolution distance (EED) at 24 h accounts for 60% of the peak EED. Other investigators have reported that the time window from symptom onset to 48 or 72 h after symptom onset is the most rapid phase of PHE proliferation (16, 17). These contradictory findings may be partially related to the heterogeneous timing of follow-up CT scans in retrospective studies of PHE patients and the different metrics reflecting the severity of PHE adopted across different studies. ing.
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Figure 1 47-year-old man. He developed muscle weakness in his right limb and gradually developed mild disturbance of consciousness without any obvious provocation. He had a past history of hypertension; his blood pressure on admission was 166/106 mmHg, and his Glasgow Coma Scale score was 12. His head NCCT revealed his left basal ganglia hemorrhage. The patient received standard medical management and was discharged from Glasgow.
